CXCL1 and glioblastoma: Our study shows the cells grown in 3D-GMH with serum overexpress and secrete CXCL1, CXCL5, IGFBP2, PTX3, THBS1, VEGFA, and VCAM1—all genes expressed in perivascular or perinecrotic zone of glioblastoma tissues that are hotspots for immune cells5.