Among them, GPNMB, HIF1A, MET, and BIRC7, which were previously reported to have higher expression in tRCC16,17, were also upregulated in our TFE3-tRCC cohort (Supplementary Figure 8A). Here, TFE3 is linked to renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions.