CLIP3 and glioblastoma: To verify that NRF1 directly binds to the promoter region of CLIP3, we transfected pGL3-NFAT-luc plasmids (wild-type or mutant CLIP3 promoter linked to luciferase gene) in the absence or presence of NRF1 gene transfection, and measured luciferase activity in GBM cell lines (Fig. 2D).