On the side of the tumor cells, Nano-DOX is found to induce RAGE expression at the same time of stimulating HMGB1 secretion in the NSCLC cells, thus reinforcing PD-L1 upregulation by the autocrine HMGB1 as well as paracrine HMGB1 derived from the TAM. Here, HMGB1 is linked to neoplasm.