CD274 and neoplasm: Based on this discovery, we have further demonstrated that (1) blockade of the induced PD-L1 in the NSCLC cells not only abolishes their suppression of the TAMs, but also disrupts PD-L1’s pro-survival function intrinsic to the tumor cells, and (2) blockade of the induced PD-L1 in the TAMs cancels PD-L1’s intrinsic suppressive function resulting in enhanced anti-tumor M1-like activation.