VHL and renal cell carcinoma: In most RCC patients, the short arm of chromosome 3 is lost, where the tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is located, resulting in the dysregulation of the hypoxic pathway due to alteration of HIF-2α expression [7] Other pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth, like PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways, are also activated in RCC [8].