Anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies through ADCC, anti-endothelin, and anti-angiotensin agonistic antibodies, cytolytic CD4+ T cells, γ/δ T cells, and NK cells have been described as effector of endothelial cell (EC) activation and/or damage [7, 64–67] If this is true, then vasculopathy follows innate and adaptive immune responses (Fig. 1). Here, CD4 is linked to vascular disorder.