TβR‐II is apparently not involved in TGF‐β‐stimulated TβR‐I‐activated/mediated non‐Smad signaling pathways37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 which are involved in cell survival, migration, proliferation, malignant transformation, and tumor growth. The gene discussed is TGFBR1; the disease is neoplasm.