TNF and infectious disease: Interleukin-10 -1082 G/A, IL-10 -819 C/T and TNF-α -308 G/A were chosen because they were associated with other infectious and non-infectious diseases.18,20 To this end, we performed genotyping of cytokines IL-10 and TNF-α as well as confirmed the presence or absence of S. haematobium infection, the most prevalent schistosome infection, in 361 children in endemic areas of Zimbabwe.