TNF and schistosomiasis: The frequency of G allele (TNF-α 308 G/A) was above 80% as was expected in African people.26 In addition, IL-10 -1082 G/A genotypes with at least one G had similar frequencies as was observed in other studies.28,29 However, contradictory to our initial hypothesis of these genotypes associating with susceptibility to schistosomiasis, we observed no difference in frequency of these genotypes between S. haematobium-infected and uninfected participants.