For example, SARS-CoV2 induces expression of several noncanonical PARPs – PARP-7, PARP-9, PARP-10, PARP-11, PARP-12, PARP-13 and PARP-14 were substantially upregulated following infection with the magnitude of subsequent NAD+ depletion being proportional with viral titres (Heer et al., 2020). Here, ZC3HAV1 is linked to infection.