Consistent with our findings, Ikenasio-Thorpe et al. showed that prenatal under-nutrition (30% of ad libitum intake throughout gestation) and postnatal HF nutrition (45% kcal as fat) in Wistar rats exhibited increased food intake, obesity, and higher fat mass in offspring at 24 weeks of age, which correlated with hypothalamic POMC increment and circulating insulin and leptin level elevations (32). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.