SMAD2 and Hypertension: In the process of myocardial remodeling in hypertension, TGF-β is activated by factors such as angiotensin II and endothelin-1 and then regulates downstream pathways like Smad2/3, to promote fibroblast proliferation and phenotypic transformation into myofibroblast and then to increase gene expression of Collagen I and III [25, 27].