Studies have found that S100A4 (fibroblast-specific protein 1) is associated with myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction [29] and is regulated by Smad3 in myocardial interstitial fibroblasts [30], promoting myocardial fibrosis in the mouse model induced by pressure overload [31]. Here, SMAD3 is linked to Myocardial fibrosis.