KRAS and cholangiocarcinoma: In a study of patients with advanced cancer (pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma and colorectal cancer), Rahma et al. demonstrated that the patients could achieve a mean PFS and OS of 3.6 months and 16.9 months respectively, with an immune response rate of 54% when treated with the vaccine formulation containing KRAS G12D, G12V and G12C peptides (35).