PRKAA1 and endothelial dysfunction: Furthermore, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α; transcription factors of AMPK substrates) knockdown in HUVECs and db/db mice demonstrated that Lira activated AMPK to prevent hyperglycemia-triggered endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis disturbance, with a subsequent promotion of diabetic wound healing that was Hif-1α–heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis-dependent.