AKR1B1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The beneficial properties of the flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides in diabetes and obesity management are achieved via modulation in targeted signaling networks such as the IRS/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway, thereby improving glucose metabolism, and glucose transport or aldose reductase by carbohydrate metabolic pathways in pancreatic β-cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes and skeletal myofibers (Goto et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2017; Hur et al., 2020; Hussain et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2021).