SST and peptic ulcer disease: Chronic H. pylori infection induces considerable levels of apoptosis, a loss of parietal cells in the corpus, decreased somatostatin-secreting D cells in the antrum, and robust apoptosis in the epithelial cells, which are responsible for atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and mucosal erosions (Alzahrani et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2020).