However, despite expression of TLRs and their corresponding co-receptors (e.g., CD14, co-receptor for TLR4), glioma-associated TLR-expressing microglia do not produce anti-tumor cytokines (Li and Graeber, 2012) suggesting the possibility that, in addition to direct suppression of anti-tumor phenotypes, chronic stimulation of microglia likely contributes to an impaired anti-tumor response, perhaps in a mechanism shared with autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and neoplasm.