CD4 and asthma: NETs significantly increased surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86) on DCs combined with cytokine secretion of IFN-α, IL-6, and IL-12/p70 and further differentiated CD4 + T cells into various subtypes like Th1 and Th17 cells in cigarette-smoke exposed mice, resulting in airway inflammation and promoting asthma development [20, 57].