Several studies demonstrated the efficacy of IFNβ in treating SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV in vitro (36, 42, 43) but with mixed results in treating patients with severe coronavirus infections (37, 38, 44, 45), possibly due to nonspecific targeting of cell subtypes, varied timing of administration, or based on specific patient factors (i.e., T2D). This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.