DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, severely debilitating, and lethal genetic disease caused by the mutations in the DMD gene, coding dystrophin, a 427 kDa actin-binding cytoskeletal protein, maintaining muscle fiber-extracellular matrix integrity and regulating several cellular pathways including nitric oxide (NO) production, Ca2+ entry, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1, 2].