CSF2 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: While cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are vital in orchestrating acute inflammatory responses in healthy tissue, they have been shown to provide pro-tumorigenic support during cancer-related chronic inflammation in HNSCC [25].