VWF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Compared with the COPD rats treated with NAC + oe-NC + sh-NC, the wall area, the wall thickness of the bronchioles, the wall area/total bronchiole area (MA%), and the wall thickness/bronchiole diameter (MT%) increased in COPD rats treated with NAC + oe-VWF + sh-NC (Fig. 7E).