Treatment options include erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), erythropoiesis-maturating agents (luspatercept for MDS with ring sideroblasts, FDA and EMA approved), or immunomodulatory drugs (for MDS with 5q-), which all may be combined with supportive RBC transfusions. Here, CSF3 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.