The difference between human and mouse MND models may be explained in part by the greater increase in astrogliosis in the male compared to female SOD1-G37R mice groups (Fig. 7C) since previous studies have demonstrated astrocytes to be sexually dimorphic in response to an inflammatory challenge [63], oxygen glucose deprivation [64] and expression of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism [65] thus contributing to the existence of sex differences in pathological diseases including MND. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is mild neurocognitive disorder.