AKT1 and diabetes mellitus: Another study showed that the high-glucose-high-fat diet combined with STZ induced the diabetes mellitus mice model administrated with DMDD (at doses of 12.5, 25, and 50, 100 mg/kg/day, i.g., for 21 days) markedly alleviated the myocardial tissues damage, inhibited the myocardial cell apoptosis, reduced the levels of FBG, LVEDP, ROS, MDA, Beclin-1, LC3II/I, and Atg5 as well as increased the SOD, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and p-mTOR/mTOR, indicating that DMDD exerts cardioprotective activity via regulating the ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR autophagy pathways (Table 2; Ma et al., 2021).