Third, histological type-specific effects of IL-1α/β, IL-1Ra, and IL-1Racp were observed especially after adjusting for genetically predicted effects of other IL-1 family members/receptors (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and Supplementary Figures S3–S5), even if there is no known reason to expect such effect modification especially in the prevention of lung cancer. Here, IL1A is linked to lung carcinoma.