Third, histological type-specific effects of IL-1α/β, IL-1Ra, and IL-1Racp were observed especially after adjusting for genetically predicted effects of other IL-1 family members/receptors (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and Supplementary Figures S3–S5), even if there is no known reason to expect such effect modification especially in the prevention of lung cancer. This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and lung cancer.