In the CF mice, within 48-h of B. pseudohinzii inoculation, there is a significant spike in IL-1β (p = 0.010), IFN-γ (p = 0.032), IL-6 (p = 0.019), and TNF-α (p = 0.040) serum levels (Fig. 4a–d), well beyond the infection naïve controls. Here, TNF is linked to cystic fibrosis.