CF patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Burkholderia cepacia show elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as depleted levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in their BALF and ELF compared to healthy controls9. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cystic fibrosis.