IL4 and liver cancer: Interestingly, Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-10) levels remained relatively unchanged while Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) increased in response to both treatments, consistent with preclinical findings.130 This initial study, along with a similar investigation for patients with unresectable liver cancer, indicates that IRE could play a “priming” role by preparing the tumor microenvironment for effective exploitation by immunotherapy.137