To test whether TGF-β is mandatory for the differentiation of CD103+CD8+ T cells in the tumour and response to PD-1 blockade, B16F10E-KO-engrafted mice were treated with anti-PD-1, received intra-tumoural injection of neutralizing anti-TGF-β mAb or isotype control, and monitored for tumour progression. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.