Azuma et al. evaluated the suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of cellulose nanofibers from Japanese pears (P. pyrifolia, Nijuseiki) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): The pear nanofiber demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of fibroses or by butyrate-mediated inhibition of NF-κB in an IBD murine model [86]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.