SPP1 and cancer: While NF-kB activation has also been shown to promote metastasis and invasiveness in melanoma through downstream activation of several potentially tumorigenic factors including osteopontin (OPN) and matrix mellanoproteinases (MMPs) this opposing result of miR-1469 function in pancreatic cancer is most likely due to the diverse and cancer context-dependent effects of microRNA biology and thus these targets were not assessed in the current study [31, 32].