ACE2 and infection: Similarly, SARS2-RBD Q493N and F486L mutants, which show similar binding affinities but shorter force-dependent bond lifetimes than WT in the interaction with ACE2 (Figs. 3h, i; 4d, e, h–k; Supplementary information, Fig. S3e, f; Table S1), significantly attenuate the pseudovirus infection (Fig. 4b, c), further suggesting that force-dependent bond lifetime of SARS2-RBD/ACE2 is a better predictor for SARS2’s infectivity.