TNF and neoplasm: In accordance to the results from the spleen, KV vaccination induced a significantly higher proportion of multifunctional HPV-E7-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor compared to VV treatment, in particular IFN-γ+TNF-α+CD107a+ triple-positive cells (Fig. 2i), highlighting a highly cytotoxic, less exhausted phenotype of KV elicited antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.