CXCL1 and neoplasm: Importantly, some of the cytokines and chemokines upregulated in the tumor were also elevated in the plasma of mice receiving heterologous KV vaccine, including increased levels of IFN-γ, CCL5, CXCL10, CCL2, IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-1β one day after VSV-GP-HPV boost (Fig. 4a).