Later, another study further confirmed that the levels of urinary MDA and creatinine (Cr) rose significantly, the ratios of SOD and serum glutathione peroxidase (SGSH-Px) were markedly decreased in patients with diabetes; α-lipoic acid could significantly lower the ratios of MDA and Cr, elevate the levels of SOD and SGSH-Px by inhibiting oxidative stress, and provide protection against glomerular podocyte injury [41]. Here, SOD1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.