While IFN-a and IFN-b were undetectable, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-18 were variably detected in COVID-19 BALF, with higher RNA and/or protein levels of IL-6, MCP-1, IL-33 and lower IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) observed in COVID-19 BALF compared to healthy BALF19, 20. Here, CCL2 is linked to COVID-19.