VAV2 and neoplasm: We found that radioresistant PDXs (n = 3) had higher VAV2 expression levels than radiosensitive PDXs (n = 3) (Fig. 1h) and among the investigated 245 ESCC patients, 81 (33.1%) had VAV2 overexpression in tumor compared with normal tissue as examined by immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 1i and Supplementary Fig. S1c), which was also correlated with their survival time, with the hazard ratio of death for high VAV2 level being 1.74 (95% CI = 1.20−2.53; Fig. 1j and Supplementary Table S2).