INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In mediation analysis (Table 3), we found that BMI was estimated to explain 59.0% (95%CI: 42.4%–73.8%, P < 0.001) of the association between HbAA and NAFLD, while fasting glucose and insulin level could explain 20.5% (95%CI: 13.5%–29.8%, P < 0.001) and 68.8% (95%CI: 45.6%–85.2%, P < 0.001), respectively.