identified the low-dose vertical combinations of RAF + MEK + ERK inhibitors, EGFR + RAF + MEK + ERK inhibitors, as well as pan-RAF+ERK inhibitors to be just as effective as high-dose combinations of these drugs in non-small-cell lung cancers (73) and pancreatic cancers (74) (compare Fig. 4A with Fig. 4, C and D). This evidence concerns the gene MAP2K7 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.