Overall, these results reflect an increase of NPTX1 and NPTXR in pre-symptomatic stages of genetic AD, MCI and early stages of AD, whereas they decrease in later dementia stages (Duits et al. 2018; Lim et al. 2020; Llano et al. 2017; Ringman et al. 2012; Wildsmith et al. 2014). Here, NPTX1 is linked to dementia.