Moreover, beta blockers were reported to decrease the level of circulating TNFα and IL-6 while increasing IFNɣ [73] and hence beta blockers may play an important immune-regulatory role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 cytokine storm and dampen the catecholamine surge deleterious effects and consequently prevent arrhythmia. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and cardiac arrhythmia.