Correspondingly, NFs or adipose‐derived MSCs incubated with recombinant human TNF‐α or IL‐1β protein (10 ng/ml) or the CM from indicated ESCC cells could secrete higher levels of IL6, IL‐7, IL‐8, CCL5, and TGF‐β1, compared with NFs or MSCs alone (Figure 5D). The gene discussed is CCL5; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.