Correspondingly, NFs or adipose‐derived MSCs incubated with recombinant human TNF‐α or IL‐1β protein (10 ng/ml) or the CM from indicated ESCC cells could secrete higher levels of IL6, IL‐7, IL‐8, CCL5, and TGF‐β1, compared with NFs or MSCs alone (Figure 5D). Here, CXCL8 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.