TGFB1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Furthermore, adding 5 mM lactate to the CM from NOX5‐depleted KYSE30 and KYSE410 cells could effectively induce the activation of NFs (a mixture of pairs 1, 2, and 3) or adipose‐derived MSCs to CAFs (Figure 7E and F) and enhance the secretion of IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, CCL5, and TGF‐β1 from stromal cells, as compared with stromal cells incubated with the CM from NOX5‐depleted ESCC cells alone (Figure 7G).