More recently, TGFβ was confirmed to broadly control the DNA damage response and to transcriptionally inhibit alt-EJ/TMEJ genes, such as those of POLQ, PARP1, and LIG1. Interestingly, the identified TGFβ and alt-EJ gene signatures were anticorrelated in HNSC, in glioblastoma, squamous cell lung cancer, and serous ovarian cancers. Here, TGFB1 is linked to glioblastoma.