TNF and asthma: Mast cell-derived mediators, mainly histamine, leukotrienes, PGD2, PGE2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSL), and tryptase, induce the classic features of early asthmatic reaction in vivo, therefore inducing bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, and mucus hypersecretion and hence the observed worsening of asthma control in a subset of asthmatics infected with SARS-CoV-2 [128, 130, 131].