Activation of macrophages/Kupffer cells is mirrored by increased levels of the soluble macrophage activation marker CD163 in serum of HIV/HCV coinfected subjects accompanied by periportal CD163+ macrophage accumulation during fibrosis progression but not in established cirrhosis suggesting that soluble CD163 is probably a marker of active fibrogenesis rather than accumulated fibrosis (165). Here, CD163 is linked to Cirrhosis.