TNF and cancer: Indeed, intrathecal administration of LXA4 or AT-15-epi-LXA4 results in lower production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in carrageenan-induced spinal pain and in spinal astrocyte cultures (Abdelmoaty et al., 2013), in animal models of cancer-induced pain, where also interleukin (IL)-1β is modulated (Hu et al., 2012), as well as in SCI rat models, where they inhibit activation of spinal microglia (Martini et al., 2016).