TNF and metabolic syndrome: The anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin in metabolic syndrome was previously demonstrated through its effect on TNF-α and adiponectin (Rivera et al., 2008; Wein et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2018) and the anti-inflammatory effect of the PSO was also demonstrated in previous studies (Bardaa et al., 2016; Bardaa et al., 2020).