GIP and metabolic syndrome: Besides, several pathophysiological mechanisms, partially overlapping those occurring in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MS), have been demonstrated in T1D [6, 7]; among them, altered secretion pattern of gut peptide hormones, including amylin, ghrelin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), was found also in T1D individuals [8, 9].