We have validated these factors by qPCR in two hiPSCs (EP1 and IMR90.4) and hESCs (H7) and found that AMD-associated risk factors, such as APOE, CFH, COL8A1, FBLN5, HTRA1, RDH5, SLC16A10, TIMP3, TRPM3, VEGFA, and VTN, are all significantly downregulated during RPE-EMT (Fig. 5C and supplemental Figs. S4B and S5B). Here, VEGFA is linked to age-related macular degeneration.