Through this pathway, PAMPs binding to TLRs can induce a shift in phenotype; macrophages are suggested to detect viral genetic elements by TLR9, OV-infected tumour cells by TLR2, activating IRF5 which, via the MYD88-IRF5 complex, upregulates NF-κB, IRF5, and IRF7. Here, NFKB1 is linked to neoplasm.