IFNG and pertussis: Technological advancements have enabled increasingly higher numbers of parameters to be assessed, although they must be pre-determined which can skew the response detected; given that standard panels in clinical trials often use IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNFα (and IL-4 can be difficult to detect), a more Th1-biased response may be established, which is particularly concerning when characterising vaccine-induced Th-immunity in pertussis vaccine research, in which establishing the ratio of different antigen-specific Th-profiles is important [138,152].