KDR and neoplasm: In cellular assays, the phosphorylation levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), c-Jun, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) have been found to decrease via stimulation of the nonclassical pathway of the RAS axis, which significantly inhibits the vascularization processes of tumor cells and pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis and causes injury in the same organs [8,21].